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Arthur's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Like most toddlers, he uses


A) an expressive style.
B) infant-directed speech (IDS) .
C) a referential style.
D) an authoritative style.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Two-year-old Grace believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. Grace uses


A) an expressive style.
B) infant-directed speech (IDS) .
C) a referential style.
D) an authoritative style.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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In the information-processing system, information first enters


A) working memory.
B) the central executive.
C) long-term memory.
D) the sensory register.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Three-year-old Liam is putting together a puzzle. Liam's father begins by pointing to where each piece needs to go and then straightening out each piece as Liam places them on the puzzle board. As Liam's competence with the task increases, his father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of


A) scaffolding.
B) cooperative learning.
C) reciprocal teaching.
D) transitive inference.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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In Piaget's sequence of sensorimotor development, infants first develop


A) mental representations.
B) tertiary circular reactions.
C) reflexive schemes.
D) primary circular reactions.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because


A) it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event.
B) this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who easily become fatigued.
C) babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to a new stimulus.
D) it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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In the information-processing system, __________ is unlimited in capacity.


A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) the central executive
D) the sensory register

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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During times of rapid cognitive change,


A) organization predominates over adaptation.
B) accommodation predominates over assimilation.
C) assimilation and accommodation are balanced.
D) adaptation and organization are balanced.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following statements about individual differences in early vocabulary growth is true?


A) Boys are slightly ahead of girls in early vocabulary growth.
B) Shy toddlers' vocabularies typically increase slowly after they start to speak.
C) Children from low-SES homes usually have smaller vocabularies than their higher-SES agemates.
D) Boys and girls' vocabularies tend to develop at the same rate.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Studies show that children prefer infant-directed speech (IDS) over other kinds of adult talk


A) from birth on.
B) by 3 months.
C) by 6 months.
D) by 12 months.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Research shows that by age 3, children in Early Head Start


A) demonstrate gains in cognitive and language development.
B) demonstrate an increase in aggression.
C) experience a "washout effect."
D) score, on average, 15 points higher in IQ than nonenrolled children.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following statements about toddlers' vocabularies is true?


A) Most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years.
B) Toddlers undergo an initial spurt in vocabulary around 18 months.
C) Toddlers transition from a faster to a slower language learning pace around 18 months.
D) Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of three to five words a week.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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__________ predict(s) children's IQ beyond the contribution of parental IQ and education.


A) Maternal age
B) Family living conditions
C) Provision of age-appropriate play materials
D) Quality child care

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to Piaget, organization takes place


A) internally.
B) externally.
C) through direct contact with the environment.
D) when new schemes are formed.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on babbling and deaf infants?


A) Deaf infants not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely.
B) Deaf infants do not babble or coo unless they are exposed to sign language.
C) Deaf infants start babbling much earlier than hearing infants.
D) Deaf infants start babbling much later than hearing infants.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is a limitation of Chomsky's nativist perspective?


A) Chomsky's theory is inconsistent with research on efforts to teach nonhuman primates language systems.
B) Chomsky's theory cannot explain why children refine and generalize many grammatical forms gradually.
C) Chomsky's theory overemphasizes the role of social experience in language development.
D) Chomsky's theory fails to show that humans have evolved specialized regions in the brain that support language skills.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Toddlers seem to discount information on video as relevant to their everyday experiences because


A) the people onscreen do not look at and converse with them directly.
B) they have little experience with digital media.
C) they are easily overstimulated by the fast-paced content.
D) the people onscreen are usually unfamiliar to them.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Infants learn and retain information


A) only through physical activity.
B) just by watching objects and events.
C) only by manipulating objects.
D) but cannot engage in recall.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Two-year-old Ruby utters the words "go car." This is an example of


A) underextension.
B) overextension.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) referential speech.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests


A) focus on cognitive products rather than on the process of development.
B) focus on how children's thinking changes rather than on cognitive products.
C) are more accurate indicators of what infants and toddlers understand.
D) focus on environmental influences on intelligence.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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