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Which of the following is an assumption of Theory X?


A) The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest and the average human being does not inherently dislike work.
B) The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all.
C) Under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized.
D) The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following statements is true of working with different personality types?


A) Leaders should show their frustration to keep different personality types focused.
B) People take on behavior patterns based on their personalities.
C) People do not like to be accepted and appreciated for who they are.
D) Personality differences can make the life of a leader interesting.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, which of the following statements is true of the feeling types?


A) They tend to be very objective in decision making.
B) They tend to enjoy ambiguity and dislike deadlines.
C) They tend to rely more on their values.
D) They tend to rely more on logic.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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_____ means the process people use to make sense out of their surroundings by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

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Leaders who recognize perceptual distortions can adjust their perceptions to match objective reality. Explain.

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Attributions are judgments about what ca...

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Explain the role of values in leadership.

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Values are fundamental beliefs that an i...

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Self-awareness is important for leaders. Discuss.

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Self-awareness is a primary ch...

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_____ refers to how a person perceives, processes, interprets, and uses information.

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Conscientiousness refers to the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and _____.


A) compassionate
B) achievement oriented
C) emotionally stable
D) adaptable

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Explain how attitudes affect leadership.

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Values help determine the attitudes leaders have about themselves and about their followers. An attitude is an evaluation-either positive or negative-about people, events, or things. A leader's attitudes toward followers influence how he or she relates to people. Every leader's style is based to some extent on attitudes about human nature in general-ideas and feelings about what motivates people, whether people are basically honest and trustworthy, and the extent to which people can grow and change.

The dimension of extroversion includes the characteristic of _____.


A) security
B) dependability
C) agreeableness
D) dominance

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following statements accounts for tremendous variation among people?


A) Everyone cannot have both instrumental and end values.
B) Everyone has similar important goals to reach in life.
C) Individuals differ in how they order their values into priorities.
D) Individuals have end values that fall into different categories of morality and competence.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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_____ is the tendency of perceivers to see their own personal traits in other people; that is, they project their own needs, feelings, values, and attitudes into their judgment of others.

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What guidelines can leaders use to work more effectively with different personality types?

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Leaders can learn to work more effectively with different personality types by following some simple guidelines:  (a) Understand your own personality and how you react to others. Avoid judging people based on limited knowledge, and realize that everyone has different facets to their personality. (b) Treat everyone with respect. People like to be accepted and appreciated for who they are. (c) Acknowledge each person's strengths. Everyone wants to be recognized for their unique talents, so be sure to acknowledge and make use of people's useful personality characteristics. (d) Strive for understanding. A good approach to take with a personality type widely different from yours is to clarify questions every time there's a potential for miscommunication. (e) Remember that everyone wants to fit in. No matter their personalities, people typically take on behavior patterns that are the norm for their environment.

Attributions are important because they help people decide how to handle a situation.

A) True
B) False

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People are constantly valuing things, people, or ideas as good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant, ethical or unethical, and so forth, whether they recognize it or not.

A) True
B) False

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True

Victoria, an advertising manager, works effectively when dealing with routine and well-defined tasks, but she is not very good with tasks that require creativity. Hence, she assumes that her subordinates also have difficulty being creative. In the given scenario, Victoria's assumption is an example of _____.


A) the halo effect
B) a self-serving bias
C) perceptual defense
D) projection

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, people with a perceiving preference:


A) like closure.
B) dislike deadlines.
C) like certainty.
D) enjoy having goals.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A person's values cannot change throughout life as they are fairly well established by early adulthood.

A) True
B) False

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Identify the appropriate step that should be taken by a leader to work more effectively with different personality types.


A) Shun people who tend to be gloomy and pessimistic.
B) Show frustration when dealing with difficult people.
C) Keep people focused on high performance.
D) Ignore the different facets of one's personality.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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