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Exam 7: Learning to Think on Their Own: Executive Function, Strategies, and Problem Solving

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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In addition to not requiring any mental effort, truly automatic processes are hypothesized to do all of the following except:

A) to occur without intention and without conscious awareness.
B) to deliberately interfere with the execution of other processes.
C) not to improve with practice.
D) not to be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, and education.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Question 2

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Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to shift between sets of rules or tasks.

A) True
B) False

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Question 3

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What was determined in the studies by Cowan and colleagues (1999) assessing the span of apprehension?

According to Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) model of working memory, working memory consists of a central executive that stores information and two temporary systems, one for coding verbal information and another for coding visual information. What are these two systems called, respectively?

Limited resource capacity is defined as the concept whereby we can only process so much information at any single time.

Resistance to interference refers to susceptibility to performance decrements under conditions of singularly non-distracting stimuli.

With respect to overall speed of processing, young children require about the same amount of time (and, thus presumably use less of their limited capacity) to execute most cognitive processes than do older children.

There is ample support for Barkley's (2014) contention that children with ADHD show deficits in behavioral inhibition. For example, relative to non-ADHD controls, children with ADHD have the following characteristics except:

Which of the following is not one of the metaphors for limited resource capacity?

Working memory involves storage capacity plus the ability to transform information held in the short-term system.

Executive function refers to the processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do with information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory. What is not one of those processes?

There is a separate sensory register, or sensory store, for each sense modality (e.g., vision, audition), and these registers can hold large quantities of information-but only for a few seconds.

Traditionally, the capacity of the short-term store has been assessed by tests of memory span that measure the number of unrelated items that can be recalled in exact order. Explain the age differences in children with regard to memory span.

Inhibition refers to an active suppression process, such as the removal of task-irrelevant information from working memory.

Explain in detail Baddeley's and Hitch's (1974) model of the development of working memory.

Even 5-year-old children are easily distracted by extraneous information in their environments. In one study, Fisher et al. (2014) reported that kindergarten children who were in classrooms with many displays on the walls and throughout the classroom showed:

Effortful processes, which have also been called strategies or control processes, are hypothesized to do all of the following except:

The incidence of ADHD in the United States is estimated to be between 5% and 11% of the childhood population; it is more common in boys than in girls, with between about a third to half of all childhood cases of ADHD persisting into adulthood.

Barkley (1997) proposed that the principal cause of ADHD is deficits in behavioral inhibition. Behavioral inhibition influences all of the following except:

A core assumption of information-processing approaches is that information moves through a system of stores such as the short-term and long-term stores.